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Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Information
Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Information
One of the major challenges to the widespread adoption of electric, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles is the lack of infrastructure support in the form of an organized network of publicly accessible electric vehicle charging facilities.
Development of of an American network of publicly accessible recharging stations for example, will require the cooperation, collaboration, and support of the utility industry, vehicle manufacturers, the federal government, and demonstrated consumer demand, to develop the infrastructure needed to make electric, and plug-in hybrid (PHEV) vehicles more practical to consumers.
Recent News:
Evatran and Yazaki Partner to Develop Plugless Power To EV's
AEYCH Electric Transportation Energy Storage System Feasibility Study
US (Proposed) Promoting Electric Vehicles Act of 2010
ACEA Members Agree on Electric Vehicle Charging Specifications For EU
US Department of Energy Clean Cities Recovery Act Awards Geographical Distribution (includes hybrid, EV, and public charging infrastructure project awards).
Department of Energy Sponsors The EV Project
US Utilities Make Joint Pledge to Ramp Up Efforts to Make Electricity a Crucial Transportation Fuel.
Utility Companies In the Northeast Launch Regional Electric Vehicle Initiative
Industry Wide Plug-In Electric Vehicle Market Readiness Pledge
The purpose of this EVtransPortal project is to:
1. Provide information links on:
a. Existing electric vehicle recharging stations in the U.S. and globally as information becomes available.
b. Companies providing solutions to the need for recharging equipment and facilities.
c. Developing technologies, platforms and standards relating to electric vehicle recharging .
d. Existing organized efforts to address the recharging infrastructure issue relative to electric drive vehicles.
2. Provide assistance to people seeking more information on groups involved in these efforts in the interest of expanding opportunities for collaboration and exchange of information.
Please contact mail@evtransportal.org to submit, or update information for this effort.
One approach to creating a larger network of places to recharge electric drive vehicles in the U.S. would be to deploy vehicle recharging capability via a national network of truck stop electrification plug-in facilities. TSE has the added benefit of reducing existing idle time for trucks, saving an estimated 5,840 gallons of diesel fuel per year for each recharging unit installed, and reducing nitrogen oxide emissions by the equivalent of taking 1,150 cars off the road. (Source: EDTA). The National Renewable Energy Laboratory has already created a Mobile Truck Stop Electrification Site Locator for truckers seeking auxiliary electric power to reduce idling time.
Another approach to building electric vehicle recharging infrastructure is to build "islands" of charge points in specific model locations such as cities. An example of this approach is Japan where a comprehensive plan has been developed to promote intensive development of electric vehicle support infrastructure in model areas. Another example of the "island"approach is Better Place which is developing infrastructure in Israel, Denmark, and several other prospective countries to support recharging electric vehicles.
A third example of the island approach to charging infrastructure is Rocky Mountain Institute's Project Get Ready which provides a menu/ database of priorities and actions for cities interested in preparing for plug-in electric vehicles.
Here is the 2008 U.S. DOE Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Review (pdf file) which includes explanations of the level 1, 2, and 3 charging. This report analyzes the infrastructure requirements for PHEVs in single family residential, multi-family residential, and commercial situations.
Here is a practical list of things to consider when installing public recharging infrastructure. (Courtesy of Ron Thompson of Eaton Corporation).
Here is an explanation of Some Electric Vehicle Charging Basics for electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE). In the US a purchaser of this equipment may be eligble for an Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Tax Credit.
Locating charge stations close to existing electric rail lines may enable synergies by taking advantage of existing high voltage power sources, and encouraging commuter rail riders to charge close to terminals. Placing plug-in vehicles available to rent such as NEV's or plug-in Zip Cars at stations would also encourage commuters to utilize light rail by providing transport options to final destinations beyond the routes provided by rail lines.
Here is a presentation produced by Argonne National Laboratory on the dynamics of Smart Grid Technology . Argonne engineer Ted Bohn talks about the smart grid and how it could help consumers. By making two-way communication a central part of the grid, consumers will have the ability to choose where the energy comes from and when they want it delivered.
Here is an overview of vehicle to grid (V2G) technology that may have significant benefits for plug-in vehicle owners and the grid.
Here is a list of Peer Reviewed V2G Articles.
Here's an illustration by ECOtality of how an integrated smart grid and charging infrastructure can work together to help utilities manage load demands and influence charging behaviors.
Here's a video demonstration of what is involved in setting up a home charging system for a Nissan Leaf with equipment provided by AeroVironment.
In addition to creating a network of publicly accessible plug-in access points; battery swapping and inductive power transfer are additional systems in technological development with the potential to simplify recharging for consumers, and extend the range of plug-in vehicles. IPT has already been in use for many years in industrial applications.
Here is a video demonstration of how inductive power transfer technology for electric vehicles works.
The Korean Institute of Science and Technology is one of several groups who have successfully demonstrated inductive power transfer technology for electric vehicles. With IPT there is no need to establish massive charging stations or to set aside much time for recharging. If the underground power lines installed on road curbs, bus stops, parking lots, and intersections, the power system could support a substantial portion of public transportation: For example, KAIST estimates that by establishing 20% of the road infrastructure for a bus route in Seoul City, the city could offer its citizens the online electric buses.
The University of Auckland's Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering led by Profesor John Boys has been developing IPT for 20 years, and HaloIPT is now offering it's inductive power transfer technology for electric vehicles commercially.
A February 2010 Report by SupplierBusiness titled Induction Charging For Electric Vehicles concludes: For example, cable connections are vulnerable both to vandalism and those having ‘fun’ with charging stations in public places. Given the high voltages involved, the issue of safety comes to the fore. Then there is the issue that human nature will always push consumers towards the solution requiring the least effort. This is borne out by consumer research from Nissan which suggests that 61% of potential EV customers worry about the inconvenience of plugging in to recharge. Consequently, there is a growing opinion in the industry that a cabled approach to EV charging may only be an interim solution which will eventually be overtaken by the convenience and safety of cable free or induction charging.
Nissan and Hino Motors in Japan are already exploring development of IPT for passenger vehicle applications.
Conductix Wampfler, Evatran, and Momentum Dynamics are examples of companies offering commercial IPT technology for electric vehicle charging.
J2954 SAE Wireless Charging Standards Committee This new committee has been formed to establish the minimum performance and safety criterea for wireless charging of electric and plug-in vehicles. Team to create a technology matrix to initially evaluate multiple technologies (Inductive, Magnetic resonance, etc.) and end up on common approach. -Charging Locations: Residential, On-Road (Parking Lot, Roadway) -Level 1,2,3 Charging.
Although the scale of investment required to create inductive charging infrastructure on a national scale will be substantial, it is now technologically feasible, and is technology available today that already overcomes the range limitations inherent in today's battery electric vehicles. Thus, if adopted IPT can eliminate major barriers to mass adoption of EV's by consumers. Investment in IPT infrastucture can also be integrated with efforts to develop Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) components such as collision avoidance systems. Such a system could be financed in a similar way to how the US paid for development of the Eisenhower Interstate Highway System.
Here is a video demonstration of how the European Union is investing in Intelligent Transportation Systems.
Here Brita Gross from GM talks about Eight Ways Cities Can Encourage Electric Vehicles
The following links and resources are intended to provide a starting point for an ongoing effort to chronicle the development of electric vehicle recharging infrastructure progress. Please submit suggestions for additions, and corrections to mail@evtransportal.org.
Operational Recharging Facilities in North America
Camp California.com RV Sites with Power Connections
Coulomb Technologies ChargePoints Locator
Conductive Public Charging Lists
EPA Interactive Map: National Deployment Strategy for Truck Stop Electrification
EV Charger News Charging Stations by Region
Hawaii's Proposed EV Rapid Charging Sites
IdleAire Advanced Travel Center Electrification Facilities
Recargo Recargo, Inc. develops mobile applications for drivers of the next generation of connected automobiles.
ShorePower Technologies Truck Stop Electrification Facilities
US DOE Truck Stop Electrification Site Locator
US Department of Energy Electric Charging Station Locations
Recharging Facilities in the European Union
Elektrobay Electric Vehicle Charging Station Network (UK)
Paris Electric Vehicle Recharging Stations
Plugsurfing Itunes Application (EU only)
Charging Points in Japan
Quick Reference: Companies Providing Charging Station Equipment Capability
AlphaTel Delaware based Reseller for Coulomb Technologies.
Alpha Energy EV- 500 Solar Charging Stations For Electric Vehicles
Electric Vehicle Infrastructure
Elektromotive (UK)
EV-CS Electric Vehicle Charging Systems
Park and Power (UK)
Takaoka Electric Manufacturing (Japan)
Utility Industry Groups and Related Organizations Connected to The Electric Drive Vehicle Industry
Global Municipal and Government Leaders in Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Development
America's Electric Car Capitals
An Electric Vehicle Delivery Plan For London
Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Related Events and Conferences
Enabling Electric & Hybrid Vehicle Markets 2008 May 28th-29th, 2008 - Detroit Marriott, Troy, Michigan, USA.
Rocky Mountain Institute Design Charette October 8 -10, 2008. Portland, Oregon.
Plug-In 2009 August 10-13, Long Beach, California, USA.
The Business of Plugging In October 19-21, 2009, Detroit, Michigan.
Plug-In Singapore November 20, 2009.
DOE Plug-In Vehicle and Infrastrucuture Community Readiness Workshop July 22nd, 2010, Free Live Webcast, pre-registration required.
Plug-in 2010 July 26-29, San Jose, California.
The Business of Plugging In 2010 October 12-14, 2010 Detroit Marriott at the Renaissance Center, Detroit, Michigan.
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Conference Europe November 16-17, Munich, Germany.
Groups and Companies Developing New Technologies to Provide Vehicle Charging Solutions
AC Propulsion AC Propulsion designs and engineers motors, inverters, chargers, battery systems and complete vehicles, and conducts R&D programs for automotive OEMs and other clients in areas such as electric and hybrid vehicle development, battery testing, and hybrid power unit development.
AeroVironment PosiCharge Integrated Power Systems streamline manufacturing, distribution, cold storage, airline, and warehouse operations by providing our customers with the next generation of motive power technologies. For nearly a decade, our industrial vehicle Fast Chargers, Battery and Charging Accessories, and Installation Solutions have been helping the world's most productive corporations eliminate battery changing and dramatically increase throughput.
AEYCH AEYCH (pronounced “H”) provides management and technical consulting services to those enterprises engaged in research, development, production, or operation of rugged, reliable, integrated control and power electronic systems. Our current technical focus is the integration of intelligent power and energy management with advanced grid-connected electricity storage technologies to mitigate the potential impact that a widely available, public charging infrastructure for electric transportation could have on the electric power grid.
Aker Wade Aker Wade is working with leading battery companies, EV makers, EV network implementers and research institutions on high value projects that will change the face of vehicle charging. Aker Wade engineers have designed a range of lithium-ion fast chargers with advanced power electronics and web interfaced control systems. With outputs from 10 to 350 kilowatts Aker Wade can deliver a 10 minute fast charger today!
Auckland UniServices Limited Inductive Power transfer. IPT technology has been developed as a robust, customisable charging platform, suitable for integration with a range of electric vehicle applications. Uniservices is currently developing pilot studies and beginning deployment of IPT based charging systems.We look forward to partnering with leading manufacturers, infrastructure consultants, energy suppliers and governing bodies to truly realize the advantages wireless charging offers.
Avcon Avcon manufactures the world's safest and most reliable conductive type connectors
and power supply equipment for electric powered vehicles.
Better Place Better Place delivers the network and services that make an electric car affordable to buy, easy to use, and amazing to own. Electric car drivers will have access to a network of charge spots, battery switch stations and systems that optimize the driving experience and minimize environmental impact and cost.
Chargemaster Chargemaster™ are partnering with Energy providers, Vehicle manufacturers, government agencies, Management consultancies and data and telematics providers in order to ensure that our product range continues to adapt to the requirements of the market.
Conductix Wampfler IPT®Charge is an inductive coupling system which provides automated, that is fully intervention free, and efficient battery charging for all kinds of vehicles, for instance electric cars and buses, industrial trucks and most other similar vehicles.
Coulomb Technologies Coulomb Technologies offers the ChargePoint™ Network, a family of products and services that provide a smart charging infrastructure for plug-in vehicles.
Eaton Corporation The new “Smart Start” pedestal is activated by the swipe of a credit card. A credit card enabled kiosk will be centrally located and can control up to 32 power pedestals. When a customer comes in to use a slip, they will enter the slip number and amount of time they would like and will then be required to swipe a card in order to activate the pedestal. Once the chosen time is up, the pedestal will shut down. No more free power!
EEtrex Vehicle to Grid (V2G) technology allows a bi-directional flow of energy between a vehicle and the electricity grid. The Eetrex Inverger™ allows the utility company to use vehicles as storage devices during times of high-energy generation and low demand.
Eltek Valere The EV PowerCharger is a family of chargers for Electric Vehicles that are designed to minimize charge time depending on available grid power and maximize milage pr. spent kilowatt-hour.
Epyon Epyon provides advanced ultra-fast charging solutions for electric vehicles which are used in critical business processes such as material handling, delivery of goods and transportation of people. Our fast charging solutions based on advanced lithium-ion battery technology enable electric vehicles to run 24 hours per day with an occasional recharge in 15 minutes during mandatory lunch- or coffee breaks. Epyon products are engineered to allow electric vehicle manufacturers the possibility to integrate fast charging into their product portfolio in an easy and plug-n-play manner.
eTec From fast-charge systems for material handling and airport ground support applications to the testing and development of plug-in hybrids, advanced battery systems and hydrogen ICE conversions, eTec is shaping America's transportation alternatives.
EV Charge America We Manufacture Electric Vehicle Charging Stations and Smart Vehicle-to-Grid Infrastructure. EV-Charge America is the Original Equipment Manufacturer of a family of EV infrastructure products and services that provide a smart vehicle-to-grid charging environment for plug-in electric vehicles.
eVco eVco is a full-service company that provides: Rapid-Charge-Station for plug-in electric vehicles, distributor of rapid charge stations, home installation and service through certified team of electrical contractors, coordination with utility company for 220/240 line (if required) Vehicle interface testing and training, and vehicle/station interface training, environmental and vehicle education.
EVIN Incorporated Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Network. EVIN is dedicated to delivering on the promise of clean energy transportation through an electric battery exchange capability. An EVIN enabled electric vehicle with the standardized EVIN platform of batteries can get conveniently recharged through an automated exchange at EVIN enabled energy stations or charged at home.
Evoasis Evoasis is a San Diego based company which develops Electric and Plug-In Vehicle Charging Stations (EVCS) for deployment in high-traffic areas within metro areas and large parking facilities in both the public and private sector. Our stations are also video enabled and touch-screen interactive and also run vehicle diagnostics and fault checking on each EV or PHEV connected to our stations.
GE With the launch of the WattStation, GE continues a century of innovation in the design and manufacturing of electrical distribution systems. GE’s WattStation enables fast level 2 charging at home and on the road.
GridPoint GridPoint SmartGrid Platform offers utilities a modular, scalable and upgradeable architecture to achieve the short and long-term business objectives of electric utilities. For instance, utilities can immediately deploy proven distributed technologies and plan for the future by easily adopting a wide array of emerging technologies, such as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and fuel cells.
GS Caltex With the advent of the age of electric vehicles, GS Caltex is participating in a government-led initiative (Jeju Smart Grid Test-bed Project) to respond preemptively to expected changes in market and develop an appropriate business model. We are also responsible for overseeing the field of smart transportation.
HaloIPT At HaloIPT we are the leaders in Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) technology – that is, wireless charging for the electric car. We are the leaders today because we’ve been pursuing a vision of wireless charging for over twenty years. We were the first to make IPT wireless charging a reality for electric vehicles, and today we know that IPT is simply the safest, most efficient, most effective way to charge an electric car
JFE Engineering Corporation JFE Engineering Corporation has successfully developed an super-rapid charging system on the laboratory scale model for electric vehicles (EV) which enables charging in only 3 minutes, and created a new organization*1 for commercialization of this technology on June 1, 2010.
Optimization Technologies The OpConnect Electric Vehicle Charging System represents an advanced network of electric vehicle charging stations that can not only charge, but one day will also communicate with, a variety of electric vehicles. Registered OpConnect customers can use the MyOpConnect website to manage their accounts, locate the closest OpConnect charging station, and remotely check the status of their battery recharging.
PEP Stations Introducing PEP Stations (Plug-in Electric Power), the smart, stylish, and simple charging station for the electric vehicle driver of today and tomorrow.
As the electric vehicle market flourishes, consumers will need a convenient, reliable and easily accessible way to charge their electric vehicle outside of the home. PEP Stations do just that in a safe, reliable, user-friendly, 220V charging station that can easily be installed at commercial destinations.
Plug Smart At Plug Smart™, we are committed to setting the quality standards for energy products and services through our plug smart™ brand of products. Our products focus on providing the consumer with the ability to make informed decisions about energy consumption as well as providing the opportunity to shift energy loads from the grid at peak usage intervals.
SemaConnect SemaConnect is a technology company specializing in automation solutions for the automobile industry. Our patent pending technology helps to automate the charging process for electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid vehicles.
SolarCity SolarCity has installed over 2,500 EV charging stations. Our Electric Vehicle Service team members are experts in optimizing charging stations based on your electric vehicle or plug-in hybrid model. We understand UL and SAE standards which will enable forward compatibility for many years to come.
SunPods SunPods combines its innovative SunPods power platform systems with the industry's most advanced EV charging systems. SunPods off-set fossil generated electricity with clean renewable solar energy via net metering. The SunPods SP-300 can ship with large scale battery storage and is Smart Grid capable and powers most electric vehicles.
UC Davis Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Research Center UC Davis is the new hub of collaboration and research on plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in California. The university’s new Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) Research Center, administered by ITS-Davis, is funded by a three-year, $3 million grant from the California Energy Commission’s Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) Program.
University of Delaware Vehicle To Grid Project A research program at the University of Delaware. Electric-drive vehicles, whether powered by batteries, fuel cells, or gasoline hybrids, have within them the energy source and power electronics capable of producing the 60 Hz AC electricity that powers our homes and offices. When connections are added to allow this electricity to flow from cars to power lines, we call it "vehicle to grid" power, or V2G. Cars pack a lot of power. One typical electric-drive vehicle can put out over 10kW, the average draw of 10 houses. The key to realizing economic value from V2G is precise timing of its grid power production to fit within driving requirments while meeting the time-critical power "dispatch" of the electric distribution system.
Universite' Laval PHEV Program Research Researchers at the Faculty of Science and Engineering will assess PHEV vehicle’s performance in urban environments as well as look at ways to optimize output and performance, improve recharging techniques through the development of power ports, and test technologies for connecting the battery with the power grid.
Groups and Companies Addressing Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Development for Electric Drive Vehicles
Alpha Energy A member of The Alpha Group and a division of Alpha Technologies, Alpha Energy is a full-service engineering and project development company for the distributed generation power industry. One of the nation's leading developers of turnkey photovoltaic systems for commercial, residential, institutional and remote (off-grid) applications, Alpha Energy is recognized as a market innovator in packaging renewable energy technologies.
Clean Fuel Connection Battery charging equipment or shore power connections for on-road and off-road electric drive vehicles including cars, buses, trucks, forklifts and airport ground support equipment.
Comverge Comverge, Inc. is a leading Demand Response and advanced metering company dedicated to providing best-in-class technology and services to the electric utility industry. Comverge offers a spectrum of Demand Response, advanced metering, and grid management solutions – all designed to assist utilities and end consumers in utilizing energy "smarter" and more efficiently.
EEtrex Energy efficient transportation technologies, including development of proprietary InvergerTM vehicle to grid technology.
Electric Vehicle Infrastructure An internationally recognized engineering and manufacturing firm devoted solely to the design and implementation of EV infrastructure. EVI is extensively involved in the research and development of the Charging Station and their peripherals.
EPRI Electric Transportation The EPRI Electric Transportation program helps energy companies increase electricity sales, promote economic development and customer retention, improve customer satisfaction, and contribute to a cleaner environment by accelerating market penetration of electric-drive vehicles.
EPRI Infrastructure Working Council
eTec From fast-charge systems for material handling and airport ground support applications to the testing and development of plug-in hybrids, advanced battery systems and hydrogen ICE conversions, eTec is shaping America's transportation alternatives.
Envision Solar Envision Solar is helping to reduce dependency on fossil fuels and make solar power available to every home by creating a modular solar carport system that makes it affordable, easy to install and beautiful.
Hybrid Consortium.org The Plug-In Hybrid Development Consortium is made up of component suppliers working together to accelerate the commercial production of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). Consortium members cooperate to deliver innovative new solutions that make affordable plug-in hybrids possible. The Consortium's cooperative efforts help automakers short-cut years of research and development. The Consortium also works to build political support and secure new funding for PHEV development.
Michigan Memorial Phoenix Energy Institute MMPI conducts research, U-M, PNNL study: Are plug-ins the next wave of hybrid vehicles?
MAGICC Mid-Atlantic Grid Interactive Cars Consortium. The MAGIC Consortium was created to further develop, test, and demonstrate Vehicle-to-Grid technology. The Consortium includes core partners from academia and the electric, automotive, and communications industries, as well as participant observers from many different disciplines
Pacific Gas & Electric PG & E is partnering with several others including Google to develop and demonstrate vehicle to grid technology.
Plug-In Partners Plug-In Partners is a national grass-roots initiative to demonstrate to automakers that a market for flexible-fuel Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) exists today.
Plug-In America Plug In America advocates the use of plug-in cars, trucks and SUVs powered by cleaner, cheaper, domestic electricity to reduce our nation's dependence on petroleum and improve the global environment.
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory PNNL conducts research and Partners with other institutions such as MMPI in Researching PHEV's effects on the grid. A recent PNNL study concluded that widesperead adoption of plug-in electric vehicles would reduce C02 emissions by 27% even with coal power plant source electricity factored in. See the study report.
SAE Hybrid Committee Society of Automotive Engineers Committee for works in progress.
ShorePower Technologies ShorePower Technologies has developed and sells plug-in technology for trucks, and is partnering with other companies to develop PHEV's.
Smart Grid Newsletter Smart Grid Newsletter (SGN) is the insider's guide to this rapidly growing market. SGN serves the business, financial, utility, and entrepreneurial communities. It is also widely read by researchers, policymakers, government agencies, economic development groups, and others who have a stake in the progress of the electric system.
University of Delaware Research program devoted to vehicle to grid technology development.
UC Davis Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Research Center UC Davis is the new hub of collaboration and research on plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in California. The PHEV Center will conduct or administer funding for research in five distinct areas:
* Modeling alternative PHEV designs and battery performance testing
* Impacts of PHEVs on the electrical grid
* Consumers and PHEVs
* Environmental impacts of PHEVs
* Lifecycle costs of PHEVs
WestStart-CalStart WestStart-CalStart Sponsors the Clean Car Maps website.
Reference Articles and Papers
EV Project Electrifies Knoxville
New England Hotel Launches Electric Car Juice Bar
An Innovation and Policy Agenda for Commercially Competitive Plug-in Electric Vehicles
AC Propulsion Level 2+ Economical and Fast Recharging for EV's
Austin Energy Report: Transportation Convergence
Chargers Integral to PHEV Success
Charging Voltages and Power Levels by Peter Van den Bossche, Secretary IEC TC69.
Defining and Developing Standards for Electrically Propelled Vehicles by Peter Van den Bossche, Secretary of IEC TC69.
DOE PHEV R & D Plan, External Draft comments by John Wellinghoff and Willet Kempton, March 2007.
e-Mobility Berlin: Daimler and RWE Embarking on the Age of Electro-mobility
Environmental Assessment of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles EPRI/NRDC Executive Summary
EPA Midwest Clean Diesel Initiative Includes potential funding for truck stop electrification projects.
EPRI Environmental Assessment of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Germany Gets Smart With Electric Car Charging Stations
Grid Analysis For Transforming The Transportation Sector From Fossil Fuel To Electricity
IEC 61851-21 (2001) Electric Vehicle Requirements for Conductive Connection to an AC/DC Supply
IEC TC 69 Strategic Policy Statement Regarding Electric Road Vehicles and Industrial Trucks.
Impacts Assessment of Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles on Electric Utilities and Regional Power Grids
On The Road in 2035 Reducing Transportations Fuel Petroleum Consumtion and GHG Emissions
Overview of Japanese Efforts on Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles
PG &E Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Installation Guide
PHEV Impacts on Regional Systems Keith Parks, Paul Denholm, and Tony Markel, NREL, October, 2006.
PHEV Feasibility Analysis PNNL Study
Plug-In Austin: Plug-In Hybrid Municipal Plan
Portland General Electric Charges Up for Plug-in Electric Cars
Potential Impacts of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles On Regional Power Generation
Public and Home Charging for PHEV and its Impact on Infrastructure
"Smart" Electric Grids to Ease Zap From Plug-ins?
Studies Examine How Plug-in Hybrids Will Affect Power Grid
Tokyo Mulls Electric Car Charging Network
Truck Stop Electrification as a Long- Haul Tractor Idling Alternative
Utilities and Automakers Plugging in to Our Transportation Future
Utilities Jump On Board to Plan For Plug-in Cars
Vehicle To Grid Power: University of Delaware Articles and Links
Will Solar Parking Lots Evolve To Include Electric Car Charging Stations?
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